Although the estimates differ according to the period of follow-up after delivery, between 3% and 6% of women will experience the onset of a major depressive episode during pregnancy or in the weeks or months following delivery. Depression suffered by a mother following childbirth, typically arising from the combination of hormonal changes, psychological adjustment to motherhood, and fatigue; postnatal depression. But if you experience any symptoms of postpartum baby blues or postpartum depression, call your doctor and schedule an appointment. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. The causal role of lack of social support in PPD is strongly suggested by several studies, including O'Hara 1985, Field et al. 1985; and Gotlib et al. 2010 Feb;13(1):37-40. doi: 10.1007/s00737-009-0119-9. Es ist nicht ungewöhnlich, dass Frauen vorübergehende Stimmungsstörungen zu erleben oder “Blues” nach der Geburt. [21] Therefore, in the DSM-5 postpartum depression is diagnosed under "depressive disorder with peripartum onset", in which "peripartum onset" is defined as anytime either during pregnancy or within the four weeks following delivery. 5th ed. It is only available to those at certified health care facilities with a health care provider who can continually monitor the patient. Postpartum Depression (PPD) encompasses several mood dis-orders that follow childbirth. [71] However, many providers do not consistently provide screening and appropriate follow-up. [104] Hippocrates' ideas still linger in how postpartum depression is seen today. Women are not to blame or at fault for having perinatal depression: it is not brought on by anything a mother has or has not done. This correlation does not mean these factors are causal. [31], In 2019, the FDA approved brexanolone, a synthetic analog of the neurosteroid allopregnanolone, for use intravenously in postpartum depression. After childbirth, a dramatic drop in hormones (estrogen and progesterone) in your body may contribute to postpartum depression. Rates of PPD have been shown to decrease as income increases. In the U.S., call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-TALK (1-800-273-8255) or use their webchat on suicidepreventionlifeline.org/chat. davon abzugrenzen, gebe ich einen allgemeinen Überblick der verschiedenen Depressionsformen. [39] Most antidepressants are excreted in breast milk in low quantities which can have adverse effect on babies. Accessed June 7, 2018. Note: Mood episodes can have their onset either during pregnancy or postpartum. [9], Brexanolone has risks that can occur during administration, including excessive sedation and sudden loss of consciousness, and therefore has been approved under the Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) program. https://www.acog.org/-/media/For-Patients/faq091.pdf?dmc=1&ts=20180608T0030489211. Similar treatments and supports provided to mothers with postpartum depression can be beneficial in treating postpartum depression in fathers. [1], Among those at risk, providing psychosocial support may be protective in preventing PPD. [2] Tentative evidence supports the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). [75] Support is an important aspect of prevention, as depressed mothers commonly state that their feelings of depression were brought on by "lack of support" and "feeling isolated. [68] It is important not to confuse psychosis with other symptoms that may occur after delivery, such as delirium. Postpartale Angstzustände können als eigenständige Kategorie gesehen werden, da diverse Angststörungen nicht zwangsläufig eine Depression bedeuten. 2018;138:e20161128. [24], Postpartum depression can interfere with normal maternal-infant bonding and adversely affect acute and longterm child development. [100][101], Western medical science's understanding and construction of postpartum depression has evolved over the centuries. A particularly long and/or deep recession. Postpartum depression: a disorder in search of a definition. [66], Postpartum psychosis often requires hospitalization, where treatment is antipsychotic medications, mood stabilizers, and in cases of strong risk for suicide, electroconvulsive therapy. [105] Connections between female reproductive function and mental illness would continue to center around reproductive organs from this time all the way through to modern age, with a slowly evolving discussion around "female madness". American Academy of Pediatrics. The definition of postpartum depression (PPD)varies among medical organizations: The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) notes that perinatal depression, also known as PPD, includes major and minor depressive episodes that occur … Accessed June 7, 2018. [105] Although this treatment was not described, experimental treatments began to be implemented for postpartum depression for the centuries that followed. Fathers who are young, have a history of depression, experience relationship problems or are struggling financially are most at risk of postpartum depression. [100] Across various nations, the prevalence of PPD varied even within nations with similar wealth status. [1] PPD can also negatively affect the newborn child. In 460 B.C., Hippocrates wrote about puerperal fever, agitation, delirium, and mania experienced by women after child birth. Accessed June 7, 2018. In: Guidelines for Perinatal Care. [6] Estrogen and progesterone levels drop back to pre-pregnancy levels within 24 hours of giving birth, and that sudden change may cause it. davon abzugrenzen, gebe ich einen allgemeinen Überblick der verschiedenen Depressionsformen. [74], A 2013 Cochrane review found evidence that psychosocial or psychological intervention after childbirth helped reduce the risk of postnatal depression. Sometimes it's simply a complication of giving birth. Definition of postpartum depression in the Definitions.net dictionary. Mayo Clinic is a not-for-profit organization. [36] Despite the biological and psychosocial changes that may accompany pregnancy and the postpartum period, most women are not diagnosed with PPD. [110] Gilman wrote the story to protest societal oppression of women as the result of her own experience as a patient. 4. Recent findings have also identified blunted activity in anterior cingulate cortex, striatum, orbitofrontal cortex, and insula in mothers with PPD when viewing images of their own infants. Die postpartale Depression, auch postnatale Depression oder Wochenbettdepression genannt, ist laut Riecher-Rössler (2006) eine längerdauernde und behandlungsbedürftige depressive Erkrankung, die nach der Geburt eines Kindes auftritt und oft mehrere Monate, teilweise mehr als ein Jahr anhält. Some cultures believe that the symptoms of postpartum depression or similar illnesses can be avoided through protective rituals in the period after birth. Gaynes et al. The Nurse Practitioner. Postpartum depression usually begins within the first month after childbirth, but it can begin during pregnancy or for up to a year after birth. Frequently asked questions. Jahr nach der Geburt. [5] However, a recent study has found that adding sertraline to psychotherapy does not appear to confer any additional benefit. Women with fewer resources indicate a higher level of postpartum depression and stress than those women with more resources, such as financial. [23] For fathers, several studies show that men experience the highest levels of postpartum depression between 3–6 months postpartum. [73], Healthcare providers may take a blood sample to test if another disorder is contributing to depression during the screening. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. [89], A 2010 review found few studies of medications for treating PPD noting small sample sizes and generally weak evidence. See our safety precautions in response to COVID-19. To be diagnosed with depression, symptoms must be present for at least two weeks. Yet there is still a strong stigma surrounding postpartum depression (PPD), which often makes mothers feel ashamed about sharing the symptoms they are experiencing and getting the help they need to feel better. Information and translations of postpartum depression in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web. These cyclical effects can affect the way the mother maintains her relationship with her child. Other hormones produced by your thyroid gland also may drop sharply — which can leave you feeling tired, sluggish and depressed. Further factors such as communication between the couple and relationship satisfaction have a protective effect against anxiety alone. The mother can be cured with the help of a shaman, who performs a séance to force the spirits to leave.[115]. When at rest, that is not cued by anything in the environment, mothers with PPD have less activity in the left frontal lobe and increased activity in the right frontal lobe when compared with healthy controls. [106] There was a long physical recovery period during which she started descending into "madness" and became suicidal. [28][29], Evidence suggests that hormonal changes may play a role. Zwei Wochen lang litt Juliane Böhm. "Meine Schwiegermutter drängte mich schließlich dazu, einen Arzt zu kontaktieren, damit er mir eine Haushaltshilfe verschreibt." Postpartale Depressionen (PPD) treffen Mütter im 1. Perinatal depression is depression that occurs during or after pregnancy. Labor, delivery, and postpartum care FAQ091. [20] A study done at an inner-city mental health clinic has shown that 50% of postpartum depressive episodes there began prior to delivery. The risk of postpartum episodes with psychotic features is particularly increased for women with prior postpartum mood … Now, research shows that sad dads may be even more common than once thought" (Vann, 2011). Definition einer Depression Eine Depression ist eine weit verbreitete psychische Störung, die durch Traurigkeit, Interesselosigkeit und Verlust an Genussfähigkeit, Schuldgefühle und geringes Selbstwertgefühl, Schlafstörungen, Appetitlosigkeit, Müdigkeit und Konzentrationsschwächen gekennzeichnet sein kann. Schedule your appointment now for safe in-person care. alle schwereren, längerdauernden und behandlungsbedürftigen depressiven Erkrankungen bezeichnet, die im ersten Jahr nach der Entbindung auftreten oder bestehen. Postpartum depression (PPD), also called postnatal depression, is a type of mood disorder associated with childbirth, which can affect both sexes. [58], A correlation between postpartum thyroiditis and postpartum depression has been proposed but remains controversial. Kumar SV, et al. They also have decreased connectivity between vital brain structures including the anterior cingulate cortex, dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus. While there is no technical definition of a depression, conventionally it is defined as a period featuring severe declines in productivity and investment and particularly high unemployment. [66], The most severe symptoms last from 2 to 12 weeks, and recovery takes 6 months to a year. Doch unerkannte Wochenbettdepressionen bergen ein grosses Risiko einer Chronifizierung der depressiven Störung oder sind gar mit einem Suizid verbunden. [88] Other forms of therapy, such as group therapy, home visits, counseling, and ensuring greater sleep for the mother may also have a benefit. https://www.womenshealth.gov/mental-health/mental-health-conditions/postpartum-depression. Accessed June 7, 2018. Concise review for physicians and other clinicians: Postpartum depression. The symptoms can range from mild to severe. However, as of 2017, the evidence supporting such use is weak. Loss of appetite or eating much more than usual, Inability to sleep (insomnia) or sleeping too much, Reduced interest and pleasure in activities you used to enjoy, Feelings of worthlessness, shame, guilt or inadequacy, Diminished ability to think clearly, concentrate or make decisions, Thoughts of harming yourself or your baby, Make it hard for you to care for your baby, Include thoughts of harming yourself or your baby. Postpartum depression. [120] When medical help is achieved, some women find the diagnosis helpful and encourage a higher profile for PPD amongst the health professional community. Side effects of the medication include dry mouth, sleepiness, somnolence, flushing and loss of consciousness. But some new moms experience a more severe, long-lasting form of depression known as postpartum depression. 2016;173:1179. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/postpartum-depression-facts/index.shtml. Meaning of postpartum depression. Single mothers of low income may have more limited access to resources while transitioning into motherhood. These areas are important for empathy, memory, and emotion regulation and may explain depressive symptoms as well as decreased motivation toward caregiving. Reach out to a close friend or loved one. [88] However, there is some evidence that the use of estradiol patches might help with PPD symptoms. Profound lifestyle changes that are brought about by caring for the infant are also frequently hypothesized to cause PPD. Postpartum psychosis is rare. https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/depression/index.htm. Es gibt Möglichkeiten, diese Form der Depression zu behandeln. Postpartum care of the mother. In 70% der Fälle beginnt die Erkrankung 1-2 Wochen nach der Geburt. It is also important to monitor for early signs of suicidal thoughts or behaviors. [14], A review of various fMRI studies show significant differences in brain activity between mothers with postpartum depression and those without. [81], Preventative treatment with antidepressants may be considered for those who have had PPD previously. [33] The use of synthetic oxytocin, a birth-inducing drug, has been linked to increased rates of postpartum depression and anxiety.[34]. [95], Caution should be exercised when administering antidepressant medications during breastfeeding. Any use of this site constitutes your agreement to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy linked below. 2018;21:215. Postpartum depression signs and symptoms may include: Untreated, postpartum depression may last for many months or longer. [78], In couples, emotional closeness and global support by the partner protect against both perinatal depression and anxiety. Office of Women's Health. This content does not have an Arabic version. Learn to identify it and what to do next. [12], Symptoms of PPD can occur any time in the first year postpartum. Postpartum depression: a disorder in search of a definition Arch Womens Ment Health. These problems can have a cyclical effect, meaning that they can further agitate the mother's postpartum depression and can even lead to the mother further developing postpartum depression. Depression suffered by a mother following childbirth, typically arising from the combination of hormonal changes, psychological adjustment to motherhood, and fatigue. Postpartum depression (PPD) is a complex mix of physical, emotional, and behavioral changes that happen in a woman after giving birth. Accessed June 7, 2018. [51], These above factors are known to correlate with PPD. Die postpartale Depression (PPD) ist eine Schwermut, die bei Müttern direkt nach der Geburt (postpartal) auftritt, monatelang anhalten kann und für Mutter und Kind eine hohe Gefährdung darstellt. PPD can also negatively affect the newborn child. [107][108] This distinction became important to emphasize the difference between postpartum depression and postpartum psychosis. [96] Regarding allopregnanolone, very limited data did not indicate a risk for the infant. [4][2], While the exact cause of PPD is unclear, the cause is believed to be a combination of physical, emotional, genetic, and social factors. Order blood tests to determ…
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